BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (StraighterLine A&P II) 2024 Graded A

Viscosity of Blood? - twice as thick as water

How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - 20-60 seconds

What is the composition of Blood - 55% plasma, 45% formed elements,

What are the fucntions of blood? - -Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients
-Regulats pH and osmosis process
-Maintain body temperature
-Protect against foreign substances
-Assist in clotting

What is the composition of plasma? - 91% water
7% proteins
2% other solutes

What proteins are found in blood plasma? - albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

What solutes are found in blood plasma? - Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances

What are two blood disorders - Anemia and sickle-cell disease

What is sickle-cell disease? - an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin

What is anemia? - a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - ~5 1/4 Quarts per minute

What are action potentials? - Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold

What is depolarization? - Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane

What is Repolarization? - Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane

What are the functions of the heart? - generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply

What are the two divisions of the heart? - Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit

What are the components of the heart? - Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves

What is the pericardium? - Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes

What is the heart wall? - Three protective layers of tissue

What to chambers of the heart do? - Receive and return blood from and to the body

What is the purpose of heart valves? - prevent back flow of blood, ensure one-directional

What are the four valves of the heart? - The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side.

Blood flow through the heart - SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body

Arteries - carry blood away from the heart, muscular and elastic

Veins - Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries - Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Pulmonary hypertension - Narrowed arteries in lungs and heart decrease blood flow from heart and decrease oxygen from lungs to rest of body

components of lymphatic system - lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs

What is lymph? - watery fluid contained in lymphatic vessels that contains white blood cells and antibodies

What are lymphatic vessels? - Thinner than veins and continuously filter cellular waste from the extracellular fluid by circulating it through lymph nodes

What are the lymphatic tissue types? - Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Reticular Cells